1. 특정 자원을 확보하기 전에는 작업을 시작하지 말아야 하는 경우.
2. 의존성을 갖고 있는 다른 서비스가 시작하기 전에는 특정 서비스가 실행되지 않도록 막아야 하는 경우.
3. 특정 작업이 필요한 모든 객체가 실행할 준비를 갖출 때까지 기다리는 경우.

public class TestHarness {
    public long timeTasks(int nThreads, final Runnable task)
            throws InterruptedException {
        final CountDownLatch startGate = new CountDownLatch(1); // 1초기화
        final CountDownLatch endGate = new CountDownLatch(nThreads); // 쓰레드만큼

        for (int i = 0; i < nThreads; i++) {
            Thread t = new Thread() {
                public void run() {
                    try {
                        startGate.await(); // start는 기다린다.
                        try {
                            task.run(); // 태스크 실행
                        } finally {
                            endGate.countDown(); // 끝나면 갯수를 낮춘다.
                        }
                    } catch (InterruptedException ignored) {
                    }
                }
            };
            t.start();
        }

        long start = System.nanoTime();
        startGate.countDown();
        endGate.await();
        long end = System.nanoTime();
        return end - start;
    }
}

public class Preloader {
    ProductInfo loadProductInfo() throws DataLoadException {
        return null;
    }

    private final FutureTask<ProductInfo> future =
        new FutureTask<ProductInfo>(new Callable<ProductInfo>() {
            public ProductInfo call() throws DataLoadException {
                return loadProductInfo();
            }
        });
    private final Thread thread = new Thread(future);

    public void start() { thread.start(); }

    public ProductInfo get()
            throws DataLoadException, InterruptedException {
        try {
            return future.get();
        } catch (ExecutionException e) {
            Throwable cause = e.getCause();
            if (cause instanceof DataLoadException)
                throw (DataLoadException) cause;
            else
                throw LaunderThrowable.launderThrowable(cause);
        }
    }

    interface ProductInfo {
    }
}

class DataLoadException extends Exception { }

/** 변수 t의 내용이 Error 라면 그대로 throw한다.
 * 변수 t의 내용이 RuntimeException이라면 그대로 리턴한다.
 * 다른 모든 경우에는 IllegalStateException을 throw한다.
 **/
 public static RuntimeException launderThrowable(Throwable t) {
   if (t instanceof RuntimeException)
      return (RuntimeException) t;
   else if (t instanceof Error)
      throw (Error) t;
   else
      throw new IllegalStateException("RuntimeException이 아님", t);
 }

public class BoundedHashSet <T> {
    private final Set<T> set;
    private final Semaphore sem;

    public BoundedHashSet(int bound) {
        this.set = Collections.synchronizedSet(new HashSet<T>());
        sem = new Semaphore(bound);
    }

    public boolean add(T o) throws InterruptedException {
        sem.acquire();
        boolean wasAdded = false;
        try {
            wasAdded = set.add(o);
            return wasAdded;
        } finally {
            if (!wasAdded)
                sem.release();
        }
    }

    public boolean remove(Object o) {
        boolean wasRemoved = set.remove(o);
        if (wasRemoved)
            sem.release();
        return wasRemoved;
    }
}

public class CellularAutomata {
    private final Board mainBoard;
    private final CyclicBarrier barrier;
    private final Worker[] workers;

    public CellularAutomata(Board board) {
        this.mainBoard = board;
        int count = Runtime.getRuntime().availableProcessors();
        this.barrier = new CyclicBarrier(count,
                new Runnable() {
                    public void run() {
                        mainBoard.commitNewValues();
                    }});
        this.workers = new Worker[count];
        for (int i = 0; i < count; i++)
            workers[i] = new Worker(mainBoard.getSubBoard(count, i));
    }

    private class Worker implements Runnable {
        private final Board board;

        public Worker(Board board) { this.board = board; }
        public void run() {
            while (!board.hasConverged()) {
                for (int x = 0; x < board.getMaxX(); x++)
                    for (int y = 0; y < board.getMaxY(); y++)
                        board.setNewValue(x, y, computeValue(x, y));
                try {
                    barrier.await();
                } catch (InterruptedException ex) {
                    return;
                } catch (BrokenBarrierException ex) {
                    return;
                }
            }
        }

        private int computeValue(int x, int y) {
            // Compute the new value that goes in (x,y)
            return 0;
        }
    }

    public void start() {
        for (int i = 0; i < workers.length; i++)
            new Thread(workers[i]).start();
        mainBoard.waitForConvergence();
    }

    interface Board {
        int getMaxX();
        int getMaxY();
        int getValue(int x, int y);
        int setNewValue(int x, int y, int value);
        void commitNewValues();
        boolean hasConverged();
        void waitForConvergence();
        Board getSubBoard(int numPartitions, int index);
    }
}