자바병렬프로그래밍-챕터4-객체구성

Map<String, Point> location = vehicles.getLocation();
for (String key : locations.keySet())
  renderVehicle(key, locations.get(key));

void vehicleMoved(VehicleMovedEvent evt) {
  Point loc = evt.getNewLocation();
  vehicles.setLocation(evt.getVehicleId(), loc.x, loc.y);
}

@ThreadSafe
 public class MonitorVehicleTracker {
    @GuardedBy("this") private final Map<String, MutablePoint> locations;

    public MonitorVehicleTracker(Map<String, MutablePoint> locations) {
        this.locations = deepCopy(locations);
    }

    public synchronized Map<String, MutablePoint> getLocations() {
        return deepCopy(locations);
    }

    public synchronized MutablePoint getLocation(String id) {
        MutablePoint loc = locations.get(id);
        return loc == null ? null : new MutablePoint(loc);
    }

    public synchronized void setLocation(String id, int x, int y) {
        MutablePoint loc = locations.get(id);
        if (loc == null)
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("No such ID: " + id);
        loc.x = x;
        loc.y = y;
    }

    private static Map<String, MutablePoint> deepCopy(Map<String, MutablePoint> m) {
        Map<String, MutablePoint> result = new HashMap<String, MutablePoint>();

        for (String id : m.keySet())
            result.put(id, new MutablePoint(m.get(id)));

        return Collections.unmodifiableMap(result);
    }
}

@NotThreadSafe
public class MutablePoint {
    public int x, y;

    public MutablePoint() {
        x = 0;
        y = 0;
    }

    public MutablePoint(MutablePoint p) {
        this.x = p.x;
        this.y = p.y;
    }
}

@Immutable
public class Point {
  public final int x, y;

  public Point(int x, int y) {
    this.x = x;
    this.y = y;
  }
}

@ThreadSafe
public class DelegatingVehicleTracker {
    private final ConcurrentMap<String, Point> locations;
    private final Map<String, Point> unmodifiableMap;

    public DelegatingVehicleTracker(Map<String, Point> points) {
        locations = new ConcurrentHashMap<String, Point>(points);
        unmodifiableMap = Collections.unmodifiableMap(locations);
    }

    public Map<String, Point> getLocations() {
        return unmodifiableMap;
    }

    public Point getLocation(String id) {
        return locations.get(id);
    }

    public void setLocation(String id, int x, int y) {
        if (locations.replace(id, new Point(x, y)) == null)
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("invalid vehicle name: " + id);
    }

    // Alternate version of getLocations (Listing 4.8)
    public Map<String, Point> getLocationsAsStatic() {
        return Collections.unmodifiableMap(
                new HashMap<String, Point>(locations));
    }
}

public Map<String, Point> getLocations() {
  return Collections.unmodifiableMap(new HashMap<String, Point>(locations));
}

public class VisualComponent {
    private final List<KeyListener> keyListeners
            = new CopyOnWriteArrayList<KeyListener>();
    private final List<MouseListener> mouseListeners
            = new CopyOnWriteArrayList<MouseListener>();

    public void addKeyListener(KeyListener listener) {
        keyListeners.add(listener);
    }

    public void addMouseListener(MouseListener listener) {
        mouseListeners.add(listener);
    }

    public void removeKeyListener(KeyListener listener) {
        keyListeners.remove(listener);
    }

    public void removeMouseListener(MouseListener listener) {
        mouseListeners.remove(listener);
    }
}

public class NumberRange {
    // INVARIANT: lower <= upper
    private final AtomicInteger lower = new AtomicInteger(0);
    private final AtomicInteger upper = new AtomicInteger(0);

    public void setLower(int i) {
        // Warning -- unsafe check-then-act
        if (i > upper.get())
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("can't set lower to " + i + " > upper");
        lower.set(i);
    }

    public void setUpper(int i) {
        // Warning -- unsafe check-then-act
        if (i < lower.get())
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("can't set upper to " + i + " < lower");
        upper.set(i);
    }

    public boolean isInRange(int i) {
        return (i >= lower.get() && i <= upper.get());
    }
}

클래스가 서로 의존성 없이 독립적이고 스레드 안전한 두 개 이상의 클래스를 조합해 만들어져 있고 두 개 이상의 클래스를 한번에 처리하는 복합 연산 메소드가 없는 상태라면, 스레드 안전성을 내부 변수에게 모두 위임할 수 있다.

상태 변수가 스레드 안전하고, 클래스 내부에서 상태 변수의 값에 대한 의존성을 갖고 있지 않고, 상태 변수에 대한 어떤 연산을 수행하더라도 잘못된 상태에 이를 가능성이 없다면, 해당 변수는 외부에 공개해도 안전하다.

@ThreadSafe
public class SafePoint {
    @GuardedBy("this") private int x, y;

    private SafePoint(int[] a) {
        this(a[0], a[1]);
    }

    public SafePoint(SafePoint p) {
        this(p.get());
    }

    public SafePoint(int x, int y) {
        this.set(x, y);
    }

    public synchronized int[] get() {
        return new int[]{x, y};
    }

    public synchronized void set(int x, int y) {
        this.x = x;
        this.y = y;
    }
}

@ThreadSafe
public class PublishingVehicleTracker {
    private final Map<String, SafePoint> locations;
    private final Map<String, SafePoint> unmodifiableMap;

    public PublishingVehicleTracker(Map<String, SafePoint> locations) {
        this.locations = new ConcurrentHashMap<String, SafePoint>(locations);
        this.unmodifiableMap = Collections.unmodifiableMap(this.locations);
    }

    public Map<String, SafePoint> getLocations() {
        return unmodifiableMap;
    }

    public SafePoint getLocation(String id) {
        return locations.get(id);
    }

    public void setLocation(String id, int x, int y) {
        if (!locations.containsKey(id))
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("invalid vehicle name: " + id);
        locations.get(id).set(x, y);
    }
}

@NotThreadSafe
class BadListHelper <E> {
    public List<E> list = Collections.synchronizedList(new ArrayList<E>());

    public synchronized boolean putIfAbsent(E x) {
        boolean absent = !list.contains(x);
        if (absent)
            list.add(x);
        return absent;
    }
}

@ThreadSafe
class GoodListHelper <E> {
    public List<E> list = Collections.synchronizedList(new ArrayList<E>());

    public boolean putIfAbsent(E x) {
        synchronized (list) {
            boolean absent = !list.contains(x);
            if (absent)
                list.add(x);
            return absent;
        }
    }
}

@ThreadSafe
public class ImprovedList<T> implements List<T> {
    private final List<T> list;

    /**
     * PRE: list argument is thread-safe.
     */
    public ImprovedList(List<T> list) { this.list = list; }

    public synchronized boolean putIfAbsent(T x) {
        boolean contains = list.contains(x);
        if (contains)
            list.add(x);
        return !contains;
    }

    // Plain vanilla delegation for List methods.
    // Mutative methods must be synchronized to ensure atomicity of putIfAbsent.

    public int size() {
        return list.size();
    }

    public boolean isEmpty() {
        return list.isEmpty();
    }

    public boolean contains(Object o) {
        return list.contains(o);
    }

    public Iterator<T> iterator() {
        return list.iterator();
    }

    public Object[] toArray() {
        return list.toArray();
    }

    public <T> T[] toArray(T[] a) {
        return list.toArray(a);
    }

    public synchronized boolean add(T e) {
        return list.add(e);
    }

    public synchronized boolean remove(Object o) {
        return list.remove(o);
    }

    public boolean containsAll(Collection<?> c) {
        return list.containsAll(c);
    }

    public synchronized boolean addAll(Collection<? extends T> c) {
        return list.addAll(c);
    }

    public synchronized boolean addAll(int index, Collection<? extends T> c) {
        return list.addAll(index, c);
    }

    public synchronized boolean removeAll(Collection<?> c) {
        return list.removeAll(c);
    }

    public synchronized boolean retainAll(Collection<?> c) {
        return list.retainAll(c);
    }

    public boolean equals(Object o) {
        return list.equals(o);
    }

    public int hashCode() {
        return list.hashCode();
    }

    public T get(int index) {
        return list.get(index);
    }

    public T set(int index, T element) {
        return list.set(index, element);
    }

    public void add(int index, T element) {
        list.add(index, element);
    }

    public T remove(int index) {
        return list.remove(index);
    }

    public int indexOf(Object o) {
        return list.indexOf(o);
    }

    public int lastIndexOf(Object o) {
        return list.lastIndexOf(o);
    }

    public ListIterator<T> listIterator() {
        return list.listIterator();
    }

    public ListIterator<T> listIterator(int index) {
        return list.listIterator(index);
    }

    public List<T> subList(int fromIndex, int toIndex) {
        return list.subList(fromIndex, toIndex);
    }

    public synchronized void clear() { list.clear(); }
}

구현한 클래스가 어느 수준까지 스레드 안전성을 보장하는지에 대해 충분히 문서를 작성해둬야 한다. 동기화 기법이나 정책을 잘 정리해두면 유지보수 팀이 원활하게 관리할 수 있다.